1、渔区避让渔船注意事项是什么？

What are the precautions for avoiding fishing boats in fishing areas?

1. Not only strictly abide by the Collision Regulations, but also pay attention to the illegal behaviors of fishing boats; 2) Keep away from dense fishing grounds as much as possible; if it is unavoidable to pass through dense fishing grounds, safety measures such as increasing lookouts and standing by engine must be taken in advance; 3) When avoiding fishing boats in fishing areas, follow the principle of "avoiding nearby ones first, then distant ones, and avoiding one by one", and be careful not to cause another close-quarters situation due to evasive actions; 4) Recognize the lights and shapes displayed by fishing boats, and it is strictly forbidden to pass between pair-trawling boats; generally, the way of passing ahead of the bow is chosen when avoiding trawling fishing boats; the principle of passing astern is generally adopted when avoiding fishing boats sailing normally; 5) When taking evasive actions, also pay attention to whether the maneuverable water area of the ship is safe enough.1）既要严格遵守《避碰规则》，还要注意渔船的违规行为；2）尽可能远离渔场密集区，若不可避免要穿越渔场密集区，务必事先采取增加瞭望人员、备车航行等安全措施；3）渔区内让渔船要 “先近后远，一条一条让”，要注意不能因采取避让行动而导致另一紧迫局面的形成；4）要认清渔船所显示的号灯号型，严禁从对拖船之间穿过；避让拖网渔船一般选择过船头的方式；避让正常航行的渔船一般采取过船尾原则；5）在采取避让行动时还应注意本轮的可操纵水域是否足够安全。

2、如何监控引水员在狭窄航道的船舶操作？

How to monitor the pilot's ship maneuvering in narrow waterways?

1. Be familiar with and master the maneuvering elements of the ship: such as ship length, distance from the bridge to the bow, distance from the bridge to the stern, ship width, ship draft, position of the ship's center of rotation, ship's stopping distance, advance, kick, and the ship's rudder response time, etc.; 2) Before arrival, carefully study and record the relevant information of the navigation area to be sailed: including the course and distance of each voyage segment, current direction, current speed, navigational marks, distance between navigational marks, leading marks, positions of shoals/dangers and obstacles, etc.; 3) Make full use of effective means such as vision, hearing, radar and AIS to maintain a proper lookout, so as to have a full understanding and correct judgment of the situation, and report the corresponding situation to the pilot if necessary; 4) Monitoring: Pay attention to the pilot's mental state, supervise whether the pilot's rudder orders and engine telegraph orders are correct, and supervise whether the helmsman's steering meets the requirements; use all means to check the ship's position and navigational marks; if any difference or doubt is found between the actual situation and the collected information, ask the pilot in time to clarify and confirm; if there are changes such as navigational mark movement or waterway direction change, mark them with a pencil on the relevant parts of the chart in time; when turning or changing course in the waterway, use the center of rotation theory to ensure that the ship will not run aground or collide; when meeting ships in the waterway, not only ensure sufficient safety distance for the ship, but also pay attention to avoiding causing another close-quarters situation or the ship deviating from the safe water area and leading to accidents; when maneuvering in narrow waterways, keep in mind the good seamanship of "prefer to use the engine, use small rudder angles, and generally not use large rudder angles".1）要熟悉并掌握本船的操纵要素：如船长、驾驶台至船艏距离、驾驶台至船尾距离、船宽、船舶吃水、船舶的转心位置、船舶的冲程、纵距、反移量、船舶应舵时间等等；2）在抵达前要认真研究并记下所要航行区域的有关资料：包括每个航段的航向和距离、流水向、流速、航标、航标间距离、导标、浅滩 / 危险物和障碍物位置等等；3）要充分利用视觉、听觉、雷达和 AIS 等有效手段进行正规的瞭望，以便对局势有充分的了解和正确的判断，必要时向引水员报告相应的情况；4）监控：留意引水员的精神状态，监督引水员的舵令和车钟令是否正确，监督舵工的操舵是否符合要求；要利用一切手段核对船位和航标，若发现任何实际情况与所收集的资料有差异或有疑问要及时询问引水员，以得以澄清和确认，如有诸如灯标移动、航道改向等要及时在海图的相关处用铅笔标识；在航道转弯或转向要运用转心理论确保船舶不会发生搁浅或碰撞事故；在航道交会船时，既要保证船舶有足够的安全距离，也要注意不能因此造成另一紧迫局面发生或船舶偏离安全水域导致事故的发生；狭窄航道内操船要牢记 “宁用车，用小舵，一般不用大舵” 的良好操船船艺。

3、引水员引航时船长应注意什么事项？

What should the master pay attention to when the pilot is conducting pilotage?When the ship is under pilotage by a pilot, the master's responsibility for managing and navigating the ship is not relieved. The master and the pilot shall exchange information on navigation methods, local conditions and ship performance. The master and the duty officer shall cooperate closely with the pilot and keep checking the ship's position and movement at all times. The master shall point out the pilot's wrong operations in a timely manner and correct them if necessary;When the master temporarily leaves the bridge in a non-dangerous voyage segment, he shall inform the pilot and designate an officer to be responsible. If the duty officer has doubts about the pilot's actions or intentions, he shall ask the pilot to clarify; if doubts still exist, he shall immediately report to the master and take necessary measures before the master arrives;During the pilotage, the master is fully responsible for the safety of the ship; designate personnel to place the specified gangway, ensure the safety of the pilot when embarking and disembarking, and the safety of the ship;The master and the pilot shall exchange information on navigation methods, local conditions and ship performance. The master shall correctly and in detail introduce to the pilot the main maneuvering performance, maneuvering technical data, current draft and height above the waterline of the ship. He shall understand the pilot's engine telegraph orders, command signals, operational intentions, methods and steps, and clearly inform the duty officer and helmsman to ensure the safety of the ship;The master shall carefully study the Sailing Directions and charts in the navigation area in advance, especially have a clear understanding of dangerous sections and matters needing attention, and design a safe route;Request and supervise the duty officer to maintain a proper lookout, pay attention to observing the waterway, harbor, navigation characteristics and the pilot's guiding methods, and immediately inform the pilot if there is any doubt;Carefully supervise the pilot's operations; if improper operations are found, correct them immediately; if the pilot refuses to accept, the master has the right to stop him, and if necessary, terminate the pilotage, take over the operation himself or replace the pilot;The master shall meet the pilot's requirements regarding pilotage work; otherwise, he shall be responsible for the consequences arising therefrom; however, the master shall understand that the pilot is employed by the shipowner to assist the master in maneuvering the ship, so the master's full responsibility for managing and navigating the ship is not relieved;The master shall correctly sign the relevant pilotage documents and pay pilotage fees, shifting fees or tugboat fees and other relevant fees.船舶由引航员引航时，并不解除船长管理和驾驶船舶的责任。船长和引航员应交换有关航行方法、当地情况和船舶性能等情况。船长和值班驾驶员应与引航员紧密合作，并保持对船舶船位和动态随时进行核对，船长对引水员的错误操作应及时指出，必要时即行纠正；船长在非危险航段暂离驾驶台时，应告知引航员，并指定驾驶员负责，如负责值班的驾驶员对引水员的行动或意图有所怀疑时，应要求引水员予以澄清，如仍有怀疑，应立即报告船长，并在船长到达之前采取必要的措施；在引航过程中，船长全权负责船舶安全；指定人员安放好规定的软梯，保证引航员登离船时的安全以及船舶的安全；船长和引水员应交换有关航行方法，当地情况和船舶性能等。船长应正确、详细地向引航员介绍本船的主要操纵性能和操纵技术数据，现行水尺和水线以上高度等资料。应了解引航员所用的车钟口令、指挥信号、操作意图、方法和步骤，并向值班驾驶员和舵工明确交待，以确保船舶的安全；船长应提前认真研究航区内《航路指南》和海图，尤其是对危险地段和应注意的事项应心中有数，设计出安全的航线；要求并督促值班驾驶员认真瞭望，注意观察航道、港湾和航行特点及其引领方法，遇有疑问，应立即通知引航员；认真监督引航员的操作情况，如发现操作不当，应立即纠正，若引航员不接受，有权加以制止，必要时终止其引领，改由自己操作或更换引航员；船长应满足引水员在有关引航工作上的要求，否则应负责由此引起的责任；但船长应明白，引航员是船东雇来协助船长操纵船舶的，所以不解除船长管理和驾驶船舶的全部责任；船长应正确签署有关的引航单证，缴纳引航费，移泊费或拖船费等有关的费用。

4、能见度不良情况下的行动规则

Rules of Conduct in Restricted Visibility

1. Preparation for fog navigation: Be familiar with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, relevant laws, regulations, port rules and inland navigation rules, and other provisions and requirements regarding navigation and fog navigation; fully master fog information, navigation area characteristics, tidal current conditions, navigation density, ship characteristics and positioning conditions, pay attention to observing the movement rules of nearby ships, and be ready for ship fog navigation or take corresponding actions at any time; based on the latest information such as weather forecasts, meteorological faxes, navigation warnings and fog navigation alerts, conduct necessary internal communication in advance, inform the duty engineer of the weather conditions and the power and equipment requirements of the main and auxiliary engines, inform the deck department to maintain silence and increase lookouts, test the status of navigation equipment, and prepare various safety assurance measures for fog navigation;
2. Navigation in fog: 2.1 According to the current environment and situation of restricted visibility and the characteristics of the ship, adjust the ship's speed in a timely manner to ensure that the ship sails at a safe speed at all times, so that appropriate and effective collision avoidance actions can be taken and the ship can be stopped within a distance suitable for the current environment and situation. 2.2 Take all available means to strengthen and maintain a proper lookout, carefully observe changes in lights, water horizon, radar ranging, etc., judge whether the visibility is deteriorating and whether there is a collision risk for the ship. 2.3 When the visibility is less than 5 nautical miles and may further decrease, the duty officer shall immediately report to the master, and seize the opportunity to determine the ship's position, observe and record the nearby sea conditions and ship movements; inform the engine room to prepare the main engine and other equipment, maintain VHF listening, adjust the radar to the best working state and use it correctly, and often use AIS to understand the movements of nearby ships; regardless of day or night, navigation lights must be turned on and the bridge door must be opened to maintain effective auditory lookout. 2.4 When the visibility drops to 3 nautical miles or less, it is regarded as restricted visibility, and fog navigation safety assurance measures must be fully implemented. The duty officer shall focus on the following: If the master is not on the bridge, immediately ask the master to come to the bridge; before the master arrives at the bridge, the officer shall stand by engine and ensure that the engine can be maneuvered at any time; adjust the ship's speed to maintain a safe speed; switch from autopilot to manual steering; sound fog signals in accordance with the rules; conduct radar plotting and systematic observation; increase lookouts if necessary; use AIS to understand the status of nearby ships; use VHF to contact nearby ships to coordinate collision avoidance actions. 2.5 When navigating through complex waters such as coastal areas, dense ship areas, port entry and exit, and narrow waterways, assign personnel to stand lookout at the bow. The lookout personnel shall promptly report the observed or heard situations and doubts to the bridge. 2.6 Use VHF Channel 16 to issue the ship's fog navigation alert during the gap between communications, including the ship's name, time, position, course, speed, intention, and remind passing ships to pay attention. 2.7 When the visibility is poor, fishing boats are dense, collision avoidance is difficult, the waterway is complex, positioning is difficult, and the master is not sure about the navigation safety, to ensure the ship's safety, the master has the right to anchor or heave to at an appropriate location if conditions permit, and report to the marine affairs supervisor of the company's ship management department.
3. Collision avoidance actions: 3.1 Unless it is determined that there is no collision risk, if the master or officer hears the fog signal of another ship that seems to be ahead of the ship's beam, or if a collision risk with another ship ahead of the beam cannot be avoided, the ship's speed shall be reduced to the minimum speed that can only maintain its course; if necessary, stop the ship completely, and must navigate with extreme caution until the ships have passed and cleared each other. 3.2 When avoiding an approaching ship in fog navigation, if conditions permit, take avoidance actions early (take actions when the distance is more than 6 nautical miles), widely (DCPA greater than 2 nautical miles), and significantly (use a large rudder angle for obvious course change); avoid continuous course changes with small rudder angles. After taking avoidance actions, closely observe the effect of avoidance until the ships have passed and cleared each other. 3.3 When another ship is detected by radar, promptly determine whether a close-quarters situation is forming and/or there is a collision risk. If so, take avoidance actions as early as possible; if the action includes a course change, try to avoid: except for the overtaken ship, turn to the left for ships ahead of the beam. Turn towards the ship that is abeam or abaft the beam.
4. Anchoring in fog: Turn on the lighting of all decks, sound the fog signal for anchored ships; when a collision risk with an approaching ship is found, increase the sound of the siren "· ─ ─ ·" to warn passing ships. Pay close attention to the movements of nearby ships, and assign sailors to ring the bell at the bow and stern and beat the gong respectively. When accompanied by severe sea conditions, poor anchor holding ground, high navigation density, crowded anchorages, etc., the master shall be on duty on the bridge and stand by engine.1、雾航准备：熟悉《国际海上避碰规则》和相关法律﹑法规、港口规章及内河航行规则等有关驾驶和雾航的规定及要求；充分掌握雾情资料﹑航区特点﹑潮流情况﹑通航密度﹑船舶特性和定位情况，留意观察附近船舶行动规律，随时准备船舶雾航或采取相应行动；根据天气预报、气象传真、航海警告、雾航警报等最新信息，提前进行必要的内部沟通，向值班轮机员通报天气状况及主副机动力和设备需求，通报甲板保持肃静和加派瞭望人员等，试验航行仪器状况，准备雾航的各项安全保障措施；2、雾中航行：2.1 根据当时能见度不良的环境、情况和本船特点，及时调整船速，确保船舶在任何时候都以安全航速行驶，以便能采取适当而有效的避碰行动，并能在适合当时环境和情况的距离内把船停住。2.2 采取一切可用手段，加强并保持正规瞭望，细心观察灯光、水天线、雷达测距等变化，判断视线是否恶化，船舶是否存在碰撞危险。2.3 当能见度低于 5 海浬且有进一步降低的可能时，值班驾驶员应立即报告船长，并抓紧时机测定船位观察并记录附近海面情况和船舶动态；通知机舱做好主机和其它设备的准备，保持 VHF 守听，将雷达调整到最佳工作状态并正确使用，经常用 AIS 了解附近船舶动态，不论白天、夜间必须开启航行灯、开启驾驶室门以保持有效的听觉瞭望。2.4 能见度降至 3 海浬及以下时，被视为能见度不良，必须全面实施雾航安全保障措施。值班驾驶员应重点注意：如船长不在驾驶台，应立即请船长上驾驶台；船长抵驾驶台前驾驶员应备车航行并确保随时机动用车；调整船速保持安全航速；改自动舵为手操舵；按章鸣放雾号；进行雷达标绘、系统观测；必要时增派瞭望人员；使用 AIS 了解附近船舶状况；使用高频电话 VHF 联系附近船舶以协调避让行动。2.5 当航经近岸、船舶密集、进出港、狭窄水道等复杂水域时，应派员瞭头。瞭头人员应及时将发现或听到的情况及疑点报告驾驶台。2.6 使用 VHF16 频道在通话空隙中发布本船雾航警报，内容包括船名、时间、船位、航向、航速、意向并提醒过往船舶注意。2.7 当视线恶劣、渔船密集、避让困难、航道复杂、定位困难，且船长对航行安全无把握时，为确保船舶安全，在条件许可情况下，船长有权择地锚泊或滞航，并报告公司船管部海务主管。3、避碰行动：3.1 除已断定不存在碰撞危险外，船长、驾驶员听到它船雾号显似在本船正横以前，或与正横以前的它船不能避免碰撞危险时，应将航速减到仅能维持其航向的最小速度，必要时把船完全停住，且必须极其谨慎地驾驶，直至驶过让清。3.2 雾航中避让来船，在条件允许情况下，应早让 (距离 6 海浬以上时